Comunicare in limba engleza

COMUNICARE IN LIMBA ENGLEZA

MESELE ZILEI

(THE MEALS)

A meal is an instance of eating, specifically one that takes place at a specific time and includes specific, prepared food. Meals occur primarily at homes, restaurants, and cafeterias, but may occur anywhere. Regular meals occur on a daily basis, typically several times a day. A meal is different from a snack in that meals are larger, more varied, while snacks are more likely to be small; however, any food eaten in small amounts at an unscheduled time can be classified as a snack.

v     Breakfast (Micul dejun) is a meal that is eaten in the morning. The word derives from breaking the fast after one has not eaten since the night before. It is widely accepted that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Breakfast usually consists of foods that are high in energy content.

v        Brunch (Echivalentul modern al micului dejun servit intre orele 11:00-12:00 ale diminetii, un compromis intre "breakfast" si "lunch") - is a combination of breakfast and lunch. Brunch is often served after a morning event or prior to an afternoon one, such as a wedding or sporting event.

v     Lunch (Pranzul sau masa de la amiaza. Este principala masa a zilei pentru cei care iau seara cina numita "supper") In English-speaking countries during the eighteenth century what was originally called 'dinner'- a word still sometimes used to mean a noontime meal in the UK, and in parts of Canada and the United States - was moved by stages later in the day and came in the course of the nineteenth century to be eaten at night, replacing the light meal called supper, which was delayed by the upper class to midnight. Lunch was originally intended as a vehicle in which working classes could escape their job and purchase alcoholic beverages.

v     Five o'clock tea (Ceaiul de la ora cinci, gustare frugala servita intre orele 15:00-17:00) - is a light meal typically eaten between 3pm and 5pm. It originated in the United Kingdom when Catherine of Braganza married Charles II in 1661 and brought the practice of drinking tea in the afternoon with her from Portugal. Various places that belonged to the former British Empire also have such a meal. However, changes in social customs and working hours mean that most Britons only take afternoon tea on special/formal occasions

v       Dinner (Pranzul, principala masa a zilei servita seara intre orele 19:00- 20:30) - is the name of the main meal of the day. The word 'dinner' comes from the French word diner, the 'main meal of the day'. Depending upon region and tradition, it may be the second or third meal of the day.

In general, people in rural parts of America, Canada, and other Anglophone countries eat breakfast, dinner and supper. In these cases, dinner typically happens between midday and early afternoon. Their evening meal is smaller than the midday meal and is commonly called 'supper'.

People who live in cities and towns, typically eat dinner in the evening. Their midday meal is called lunch and is often a small and quick meal, although a business lunch can be large.

v       Supper (Cina) is the name for the evening meal in some dialects of English - ordinarily the last meal of the day. It is typically served between 6pm and 8pm. The term is derived from the French souper, which is still used for this meal in Canadian French,

In Britain, whereas 'dinner', when used for the evening meal, is fairly formal, 'supper' is used to describe a less formal, simpler family meal, but also the fairly formal variety in others.

In most of the United States and Canada, 'supper' and 'dinner' are considered synonyms. In some areas either term may be rarely used.

SUBSTANTIVELE NENUMARABILE

(UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS)

Definitie:

Substantivul este partea de vorbire care denumeste fiinte, obiecte, stari, notiuni, insusiri etc.

Substantivele nenumarabile sunt acele substantive, care nu se numara.

DE RETINUT

Astfel de substantive nu folosesc articolul nehotarat « a/an « si nu au forma de plural.

De obicei, substantive nenumarabile sunt :

- nume de materii

Ex : rice (orez), bread (paine), chicken (carne de pui), fish (peste), meat     (carne), cheese (branza), steel (otel), gold (aur), snow (zapada) soap (sapun), air (aer), hair (par)etc.

- lichide

Ex : water (apa), tea (ceai), milk (lapte), juice (suc), wine (vin)etc.

- alte lucruri care reprezinta un intreg 

Ex : furniture (mobila), luggage (bagaj), equipment (echipament), money (bani), etc.

- substantive abstracte

Ex : advice (sfat), behaviour (comportament), courage (curaj), education (educatie), music (muzica) , knowledge (cunostinte), help (ajutor),etc.

DE RETINUT

Pentru a intreba despre substantive numarabile se foloseste intrebarea "How many?"

Pentru a intreba despre substantive nenumarabile se foloseste intrebarea "How much?"

VOCABULARY:

FOODS AND DRINKS

(ALIMENTE SI BAUTURI)

fruit vegetables

apple = mar     onion = ceapa

banana = banane     garlic = usturoi

orange = portocala     carrot = morcov

lemon = lamaie    cucumber = castravete

peach = piersica     tomato = rosie

pear = para     potato = cartof

grape = strugure     cabagge = varza

pineapple = ananas     lettuce = salata

strawberry = capsuni bean = fasole

melon = pepene     pea = mazare

watermelon = lubenita mushroom = ciuperci

pumpkin = dovleac     egg - plant = vinete

quince = gutuie     celery = telina

cherry = cireasa     dill = marar

sour cherry = visina parsley = patrunjel

appricot = caisa    pepper/paprika = ardei

dairy products cereals

milk = lapte     corn = porumb

cheese = branza; cascaval wheat = grau

cream = smantana    rice = orez

butter = unt    oat = ovaz

yogurt = iaurt    rye = secara

meat seafood

chicken = pui     fish = peste

turkey = curcan    lobster = homar

meat = carne    oyster = stridie

beef = carne de vita    shrimp = creveti

pork = carne de porc    snail = melci

ham = sunca    clam = scoici

bacon = costita    salmon = somon

sausage = carnati    tuna = ton

salami = salam    trout = pastrav

frankfurter = cremvurst    flounder = platica

others beverages

egg = ou    water = apa

bread = paine    still water = apa plata

mustard = mustar     soda = sucuri acidulate

sugar = zahar     coffee = cafea

salt = sare    tea = ceai

pepper = piper    juice = suc

oil = ulei   

vinegar = otet

PRONUMELE NEHOTARATE

(THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)

Cele mai importante pronume nehotarate sunt: "some", "any", cat si compusi acestora: somebody, anybody, / something, anything, / someone, anyone.

Pronumele nehotarat "some" se foloseste de obicei in propozitiile afirmative; uneori se mai foloseste si in propozitii interogative, dar numai atunci cand ne asteptam ca raspunsul sa fie unul afirmativ.

Ex : I want some chocolate. (propozitie afirmativa)

Would you like some more juice ? (propozitie interogativa)

Pronumele nehotarat "any" se foloseste in propozitiile interogative si negative.

Ex : Have you got any aspirins ? (propozitie interogativa)

I can't find any anspirins. (propozitie negativa)

"Some ", si "any" sunt determinanti si se folosesc in fata substantivelor nenumarabile sau a substantivelor la plural.

Ex : I would like some coffee.(substantiv nenumarabil)

Do you have any cigarettes. (substantiv la plural)

"Some ", si "any" au aproximativ acelasi inteles cu articolul nehotarat "a/an", referindu-se la o cantitate sau un numar nedefinit.

Ex : Have you got a C.D ? (substantiv numarabil la singular)

Have you got any C.Ds ? (substantiv numarabil la plural)

I need some music. (substantiv nenumarabil)

DE RETINUT

Inaintea unui alt determinant sau pronume se foloseste "some of" sau "any of".

Ex : Would you like some of this ice-cream ?

I can't find any of my books.

EXPRESIILE "THERE IS"/ "THERE ARE"

(THE EXPRESSIONS "THERE IS"/ "THERE ARE")

There is = este, exista, se afla, se gaseste.

There are = sunt, exista, se afla, se gasesc.

Atunci cand dorim sa ii comunicam cuiva in limba engleza faptul ca ceva exista (sau nu exista), de obicei introducem acea propozitie prin expresia "there is (isn't)"/ "there are (aren't)", iar in acest caz subiectul se afla dupa verb.

DE RETINUT

Expresia "there is (there's)" se foloseste cu substantive numarabile aflate la singular, cu substantive fara articol, cu toate substantivele nenumarabile.

Ex :     There's an orange on the table. (substantiv numarabil la singular)

There's oil in the salad. (substantiv cu articol zero)

There's beer in the fridge. (substantiv nenumarabil)

Expresia "there are (there're)" se foloseste cu toate substantivele numarabile aflate la plural.

Ex :     There're three carrots in the bag.(substantiv numarabil la plural)

Forma de negativ a acestor expresii se relizeaza prin adaugarea negatiei "not".

Ex :     There is not / There isn't

There are not / there aren't

Forma de interogativ se realizeaza prin inversarea locului dintre subiect si verb.

Ex :     Is there ? / Isn't there ?

Are there ? / Aren't there ?

ADJECTIVUL CANTITATIV / NEHOTARAT

(THE QUANTITATIVE / INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE)

Definitie:

Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care califica/determina un substantiv sau un echivalent al unui substantiv.

In limba engleza adjectivele stau inaintea substantivelor sau dupa verbul "to be"("a fi") si nu se acorda in gen, numar si caz cu substantivele pe care le determina.

DE RETINUT

Adjectivele cantitative / nehotarate in limba engleza sunt urmatoarele

All - tot ; toata ; toti ; toate

Ex : Salt seasons all things = Sarea da gust tuturor lucrurilor.

Some - unii ; unele ; niste ; vreun ; vreo

Adjectivul cantitativ / nehotarat «some » se foloseste in propozitiile afirmative. In propozitiile interogative se foloseste, atunci cand raspunsul asteptat este unul afirmativ.

Ex : Some evils are cured by contempt = Unele rele se indreapta prin dispret

Do see some people in the street ? = Vezi niste oameni pe strada ?

Any - orice ; fiece ; oricare (in propozitiile afirmative)

- nici un ; nici o (in propozitiile negative)  

Ex : You may buy any book = Poti cumpara orice carte

I cannot find any excuse = Nu pot gasi nici o scuza

No - nici un ; nici o (se foloseste numai pentru a transforma propozitiile afirmative in propozitii negative, deoarece in limba engleza se foloseste o singura negatie in propozitie)

Ex : I see no girl, no boy and no house = Nu vad nici o fata, nici un baiat si nici o casa

Certain - anumiti ; anumite ; unii ; unele

Ex : Certain food = anumite / unele mancaruri

Each - fiecare (luat in parte)

Ex : Each fruit tastes differently = Fiecare fruct are un gust diferit

Enough - destul ; destula ; suficient ; suficienta

Ex : There is enough bread on the table = Este suficienta paine pe masa

Every - fiecare

Ex : Every beginning is hard = Fiecare inceput este greu

Few ­- putini ; putine

Ex : Few of them = Putini dintre ei

Little - putin ; putina ; mic ; mica ; mici

Ex: I drink little coffee = Eu beau putina cafea

A lot of - o multime de ; multi ; multe

Ex : We have a lot of vegetables = Noi avem o multime de legume

Many - multi ; multe

Ex : There are many people in the park = Sunt multi oameni in parc

Much - mult ; multa

Ex : There is much tea in the teapot = Este mult ceai in ceainic

Plenty of - mult ; multa ; multi ; multe

Ex : We have plenty of time = Avem mult timp

Several - cativa ; cateva ; mai multi / multe

Ex : He has several friends = El are cativa prieteni